Na Carboxymethyl Cellulose Gum Ingredients Sodium Salt For Wastewater Treatment

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium Salt

In the present day, water pollution has become one of the most crucial issues worldwide. An immense number of pollutants come from various industries and household deeds every day and enter into aquatic environments, which further causes several types of disorders in different living organisms and human beings.

There is no absolute limit on how many types of pollutants can be present in wastewater that has come from multiple industries or other household activities. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, CMC-based materials have been mainly used thus far for the removal of various organic-inorganic dyes, inorganic ionic pollutants (both anions and cations), as well as various radioactive species from polluted waters in different experimental conditions.

Dyes are considered the most hazardous compounds in aquatic environments. A wide spectrum of their applications in various industries such as food, paint, textiles, pulp, paper, rubber, plastics, tannery, cosmetics, and dozens of structural and manufacturing industries have turned the waste dye effluents into a crucial factor in wastewater treatment works.

Moreover, their long-term durability against light, heat, and other oxidizing agents, slow rate of biodegradation, and variety of chemical compositions have made them a more intricate issue in environmental pollutions . Furthermore, inorganic ionic pollutants, especially heavy metal ions, and some reactive anions have been marked as highly harmful to the health of various living beings .

CMC has been demonstrated as active material in various water treatment works during the past few years by many researchers. However, some researchers have elicited some excellent innovative hybrid materials with CMC to remove various pollutants from wastewater in recent years, as presented in the Supplementary Materials (Table S4).

For example, Salama et al. (2018) synthesized a nano-adsorbent material (i.e., CMC/Fe3O4) by the co-precipitation method for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from the experimental polluted aqueous solution, where about 48 mg of methylene blue hues were adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent at pH 3, and maximum adsorption efficiency was obtained at pH 7 (i.e., 64 mg/g). In the same year, Hong and his co-workers (2018) investigated the scavenging performance of another CMC embedded polyurethane composite against various metal pollutants from industrial waters. The composite material demonstrated some excellent adsorption efficiencies against various ionic contaminants. Up to 216.1 mg of Pb2+, 78.7 mg of Cu2+, and 98 mg of Cd2+ ions were removed by each gram of the adsorbent.

Most recently, Manzoor and his co-workers (2019) synthesized a chitosan/CMC hybrid adsorbents using arginine cross-linkers that showed a better adsorption capacity against Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions (up to 168.5 mg/g and 182.5 mg/g, respectively) in experimental conditions. Gasemloo et al. (2019) demonstrated a sulfated-CMC-based nano-filter membrane technology (cross-linked with glutaraldehyde) that showed a high removal efficiency against Cr(VI) at optimum conditions (i.e., maximum pollutant removal 79.85% at 3 bar pressure and pH 4). Additionally, Wei et al. (2015)demonstrated an ultrathin fibrous CMC-based cross-linked nanocomposite material (cross-linked with epichlorohydrin) that showed a super-dynamic removal of Cd2+ ions from experimental wastewater.

Moreover, up to 150.60 ± 10.47 mg of the pollutants were removed per gram of the adsorbent at optimum conditions. Likewise, other researchers have also reported dozens of such effective outcomes that reveal the potentialities of CMC-based composite materials for efficient removal of various organic-inorganic pollutants in wastewater treatments.